Pre-Agricultural Human Environmental Impact Essay - 819 Words

Pre-Agricultural Human Environmental Impact In the two million years it is believed that humans have populated the Earth, they have displayed the remarkable ability to adapt to any environment. Archaeological evidence has proven that the earliest humans were able to occupy and control every terrestrial ecosystem on the planet. Human impact on the environment has increased progressively through time from the earliest hominid hunters to modern city-dwellers. A fundamental expression of early humanities ability to control the environment occurred during the birth of agriculture. While the ecological impact from this feat has allowed humanity increased control over its environment, the earliest hominids were able to survive nearly two†¦show more content†¦They mainly gathered nuts, seeds and plants, which they would have supplemented by scavenging dead animals killed by other predators and perhaps the hunting of a few small mammals.3 A wide variety of food was available and provided a sufficiently nutritional diet. This f orm of economy was often far from meager and likely represents the original affluent society since scientists speculate that a large amount of leisure time was available. Hunting and gathering provided a very stable and long lasting livelihood described as simple and communal. An important trait to the development and spread of human societies as well as their ability to interact with their surroundings was the adoption of technological means to overcome difficulties imposed by hostile environments.4 Stone tools, wooden spears, bolas stones, wood, skins, and fire allowed these groups to adopted a mobile existence and move into harsher ecosystems. Technology was particularly important in increasing humans ability to hunt. Specifically, the bow and arrow along with snares, traps, and nets made hunting less time consuming and more effective. Inevitably, hunting and gathering groups had, over hundreds of thousands of years, adapted to every possible environment in the world from the semi-tropical areas of Africa to ice-age Europe, from the Arctic to the deserts of south-west Africa.5 Throughout their travels, these groups continually effected theShow MoreRelatedClimate Changes And Climate Change Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesClimate Change (UNFCC) defines climate change as a change in the climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activities that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. 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The Rockefeller Foundation/Lancet Commission on Planetary Health showed how climate change, loss of biodiversity, land use change, ocean acidification and overfishing, nitrogen and phosphorus loading and environmental pollution more generally all have the potential to adversely affect health through a range of pathways1. A recent jointRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1482 Words   |  6 Pagesas people are suffering from its impacts. Climate change has affected the weather patterns and has indeed disrupted the variability and trends that exist in climate. This has resulted into an increase in climate-related extremes such as heavy downpour, floods, surges, and droughts. However, it has been seen that indeed most of the affected nations are the ones that have not even contributed immensely to pollution of the globe. Climate change presents an environmental challenge, economic challenge andRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change1081 Words   |  5 Pagesbe due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in the landuse† The UNFCC also defines climate change as â€Å"a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over time periods.† Climate change is influenced by the greenhouse effect which is the increase of Carbon dioxide, MethaneRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect On Earth1612 Words   |  7 Pagesyears, humans have understood the possibility of atmospheric warming due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. 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Cod Part One: A Fish Tale delvesRead MoreShould We Increase Agricultural Yield Without?1362 Words   |  6 Pagesproduction. One of these solutions would result in more of the earth being purged and changed into farmland, which is an option that is not advisable due to the state of our planet after hundreds of years of industrialization. So, how do we increase agricultural yield without negatively affecting our already devastated planet? Through utilization of genetically engineered crops, helping to solve world hunger, by providing high yields and the having the ability to stay fresh longer resulting in less wasteRead MoreIs The Classic Mayan Civilization?1558 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Joseph A. Tainter in the Annual Review of Anthropology, a collapse is defined as â€Å"†¦a drastic decrease in human population size and/or political/economical/social complexity, over a considerable area, for an extended time.†(AOC) With Mr. Tainter’s definition of col lapse, I will be focusing on one specific civilization, what led to their falling as a society and elaborate on some theories as to why collapses may occur. The development that I am going to be discussing is the Classic Mayan

About Zaha Hadid, First Woman Architect to Win a...

Born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1950, Zaha Hadid was the first woman to win a Pritzker Architecture Prize AND the first woman to win a Royal Gold Medal in her own right. Her work experiments with new spatial concepts and encompasses all fields of design, ranging from urban spaces to products and furniture. At the age of 65, young for any architect, she died suddenly of a heart attack. Background: Born: October 31, 1950 in Baghdad, Iraq Died: March 31, 2016 in Miami Beach, Florida Education: 1977: Diploma Prize, Architectural Association (AA) School of Architecture in LondonStudied mathematics at the American University of Beirut in Lebanon prior to moving to London in 1972 Selected Projects: From parking garages and ski-jumps to vast urban landscapes, Zaha Hadids works have been called bold, unconventional, and theatrical. Zaha Hadid studied and worked under Rem Koolhaas, and like Koolhaas, she often brings a deconstructivist approach to her designs. Since 1988, Patrik Schumacher had been Hadids closest design partner. Schumacher is said to have coined the tern parametricism to describe the curvaceous, computer-aided designs of Zaha Hadid Architects. Since Hadids death, Schumacher is leading the company to fully embrace parametric design in the 21st Century. 1993: A fire station for the Vitra Company in Weil am Rhein, Germany2000: Inaugural Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, London, UK2001: Terminus Hoenheim-Nord, a park and ride and tramway on the outskirts of Strasbourg, France2002: Bergisel Ski Jump, Austria2003: The Richard and Lois Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art in Cincinnati, Ohio2005: Phà ¦no Science Center in Wolfsburg, Germany2008: Pedestrian Bridge and Exposition Pavilions, Zaragoza, Spain2009: MAXXI: National Museum of 21st Century Arts, Rome, Italy2010: Sheikh Zayed Bridge, Abu Dhabi, UAE2010: Guangzhou Opera House, China2011: Riverside Museum of Transport, Glasgow, Scotland2011: Aquatics Centre, London, United Kingdom; and post-Olympic reconfiguration in 20142011: CMA CGM Corporate Headquarters, Marseille, France2012: Pierres Vives, Montpellier, France2012: Heydar Aliyev Center, Baku, Azerbaijan2012: Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum at Michigan State University in East Lansing2012: Galaxy SOHO, Beijing, China2013: Hadid Res idences for CityLife, Milan, Italy2014: Messner Mountain Museum at Plan de Corones, South Tyrol, Italy2017: Expected completion of Hadid Tower, office skyscraper for CityLife, Milan, Italy2017: Expected completion of One Thousand Museum Condos, Miami, Florida2022: (proposed) al-Wakrah Stadium, Qatar Other Works: Zaha Hadid is also known for her exhibition designs, stage sets, furniture, paintings, drawings, and shoe designs. Partnerships: Zaha Hadid worked at the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) with her former teachers, Rem Koolhaas and Elia ZenghelisIn 1979, Zaha Hadid opened her own practice, Zaha Hadid Architects. Patrik Schumacher joined her in 1988. Working with senior office partner, Patrik Schumacher, Hadids interest lies in the rigorous interface between architecture, landscape, and geology as her practice integrates natural topography and human-made systems, leading to experimentation with cutting-edge technologies. Such a process often results in unexpected and dynamic architectural forms.—Resnicow Schroeder Major Awards and Honors: 1982: Gold Medal Architectural Design, British Architecture for 59 Eaton Place, London2000: Honourable Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters2002: Commander of the British Empire2004: Pritzker Architecture Prize2010, 2011: Stirling Prize, Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)2012: Order of the British Empire, Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) for services to Architecture2016: Royal Gold Medal, RIBA Learn More: Zaha Hadid was the first woman to win a Pritzker Architecture Prize. Learn more from Citation from the 2004 Pritzker Prize Jury.Zaha Hadid: Form in Motion by Kathryn B. Hiesinger (Philadelphia Museum of Art), Yale University Press, 2011 (catalog of commercial designs, made between 1995 and 2011)Zaha Hadid: Minimum Series by Margherita Guccione, 2010Zaha Hadid and Suprematism, Exhibition Catalog, 2012Zaha Hadid: Complete Works Source: Resnicow Schroeder biography, 2012 press release at resnicowschroeder.com/rsa/upload/PM/645_Filename_BIO%20-%20Zaha%20Hadid%20Oct%202012.pdf [accessed November 16, 2012]

Should Abortion Be Legal - 985 Words

Keyla Reddick Professor Vickers English 101 G 17 November 2016 Should abortion be legal in the case of rape or incest victims? Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo before it can survive outside of the uterus (Google). Knowing that should abortion be legal to rape or incest victims? Yes because it wasn’t there choosing to get pregnant, that was took away from them and to me I do believe it should be legal in that case. Studies show that 1.1 million U.S. abortions happen each year. The U.S. abortion rate is among the highest of developed countries. And less than one percent of all abortions are caused by rape or incest. The emotional effects of an abortion is mostly the same as rape and incest. Which includes, eating disorders and relationship problems, guilt, and depression and flashbacks, and drug and alcohol abuse. This affects many people daily. It must be very hard for them to deal with it. But many people do believe that abortion should be legal to these types of victims. Some feel that this is true because they shouldn’t be told what to do with their bodies because what has already happened to them. This topic affected my family as well as many others around the world. My little cousin was raped when she was 14 years old, she got pregnant with twins. Everyone wanted her to have an abortion because they felt like it was the right thing to do but she didn’t want to have an abortion because she saw it as taking away innocent lives and I amShow MoreRelatedAbortion Should Not Be Legal1647 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most highly debated topics is abortion and whether or not it should be legal. People who oppose abortion, meaning they are pro-life claim that abortion should be completely illegal with no aspects of it whatsoever; it can be a murder for the people standing against it. The other side of the argument, meaning people who are pro-choice, defend it by believing it to be a right been given to the women. They also claim even if abortion was to be illegal, it would still be practiced. EveryRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal920 Words   |  4 Pagesworld has stru ggled with for ages and one thing that people are advocating around the world for is abortion. Abortion is either a procedure or pill that stops a fetus s heart. Abortion should not be legal because life beings at creation, abortions are a direct violation of the 14th amendment, and thousands of people would love to adopt a child: handicapped or otherwise. Abortion should not be legal because life begins at creation. What is creation? Some people say conception, but it actually isRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1320 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion, as you all may know, is a really popular topic. There have long been many debates between the two groups, pro-life and pro-choice. People who are pro-life believe that part of the government’s job is to protect all forms of human life. Those who are pro-choice believe that every individual should have control over their own reproductive systems. Pro-life supporters strongly believe that even an undeveloped fetus has life; it is still growing and it needs to be protected. And this soundsRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1217 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 Should Abortion be Legal Among all the issues that have been fought for or against in the United States, abortion may be one of the most popular issues that Americans are passionate about. Abortion is defined as the removal of the embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. Thousands of abortions take place every single day, and yet public opinion remains at a standstill as to whether or not abortion is ethical. Everyone holds different opinions on abortion. The proponentsRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages Abortions have been performed on women for thousands of years. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. Most often it is performed during the first 20 weeks of being pregnant. The controversy over whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans till this day. An important landmark case was the Roe v. Wade case, where the Court argued that the zone of privacy was broad enough to encompass a woman s decision whether or not to terminateRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the word abortion is heard, it is always associated with many negative things such as murder and inhumanity. However not legalizing abortion creates a huge problem for women around the world. Having a child takes consideration, planning and preparation and if pregnancy happens without any of this, why bother to have it at all? The reasons why abortion should be legal is that it supports the fundamental human rights for women by giving them a choice, it reduces crime by reducing the number ofRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1135 Words   |  5 PagesKelsi Hodgkin Composition 1 Professor Chipps 19 October 2015 Should Abortion Be Legal A common debate in the world today involves abortion, the deliberate end of human pregnancy, and whether or not it should be legalized. â€Å"Every year in the world there are an estimated 40-50 million abortions. This corresponds to approximately 125,000 abortions per day† (â€Å"Abortions Worldwide this Year†). On one side of the argument, people are not disturbed by this grotesque number, and on theRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?963 Words   |  4 PagesLegal or Illegal? Which would you prefer? Not many are willing to discuss such a gut wrenching topic, but this needs to be addressed. It is a very controversial topic with having to do with women rights and activists. Since there are two sides to every argument, there is one side such as to make abortion legal and the opposing side to keep abortions illegal. In my opinion making abortion illegal can regulate the amount of women who do get pregnant. I believe that making abortions legal will let womenRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?867 Words   |  4 PagesABORTION Abortion is a deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. There are series of legal, moral and ethical issues which may arise about abortion. Most arguments about abortion are often focused on political insinuations and the legal aspect of such actions. Some frequently asked questions’ regarding the issue is if the practice should be outlawed and regarded as murder or should women have the right to practice it. For example, prior toRead MoreShould Abortions Be Legal?939 Words   |  4 PagesShould abortions be legal? Abortions have been a big issue since the Roe v Wade case. There have been a lot of disagreements between the Pro-life supporters and the pro-choice supporters. Pro-life supporters feel like abortions deter murder, while pro-choice supporters believe that the women should be able to make their own decisions. I am a part of the pro-life supporters because I feel like abortions are wrong for several of reasons. Why should women get an abortion if there are other choices for

Responsibilities of Chief Financial Officer for Stores & Supermarkets

Question: Describe about the Responsibilities of Chief Financial Officer for Stores and Supermarkets. Answer: Introduction Woolworths is an Australian grocery store and supermarket chain that is possessed by Woolworths Limited. Woolworths Limited was founded in the year 1924 in Sydney. Woolworths started as a single store and became a chain after the opening of its second store in Brisbane (Woolworths Limited, 2016). Moreover, when Woolworths purchased Northern Territory business of Centralian Traders, it became the first retailer that operated nationwide. In addition to this, Woolworths acquired many businesses such as Dick Smith and also diversified its products to sustain in the market. In this essay, roles and responsibilities of chief financial officers will be analysed in detail along with duties financial officer performed in the Woolworth. Part A David Marr is the Chief Financial Officer of Woolworths and he was appointed as a CFO in the year 2014. Along with this, it is also explored that Marr joined Woolworths in 2011 as a General Manager of Finance and was promoted as a Deputy (Woolworths Limited, 2012). Marr has been on the position since 2012 and he is accountable for brining change in the finance function and provides support to the aspirations of the organisation in becoming the leading ecommerce business (Woolworths Limited, 2016). The responsibilities of the Chief Financial Officer include ensuring that the finance related records of the company are well maintained and are in order. The primary responsibility of Marr is to control the position of cash flow in the company and understand the uses of cash. Along with this the CFO is also considered accountable for maintaining the important documents which are finance related, integrity of the funds and security of the funds. The three main responsibilities of a CFO include risk management, guarding financial condition of organisation and counselling senior management in making policies (Bragg, 2010). Moreover, the CFO is also liable for the present finance condition of the company and therefore, CFO must decide the ways in which the capital of the company should be invested before which the liquidity and risk needs to be considered (International Federation of Accountants, 2013). The Chief Finance Officer also administers the capital structure of the company and find out the best mix of internal financing, debt and equity. It is also considered that dealing with the issues related to capital structure is also an important responsibility of a chief finance officer. The first advertisement of the company stated that every city requires Woolworths and Sydney is among the one now (Woolworths Limited, 2016). Moreover, every child and women required a place where they can buy the goods and products at cheap prices. This advertisement is considered as the principle for the company which is still being followed (Woolworths Limited, 2016). It is investigated that the company serves approximately 28 million customers every week and offer them the best possible product in terms of quality, convenience, price and value. Woolworths also possesses some brands including BIGW, Masters, Woolworths, Petrol, Countdown, Thomas Dux, and BWS (Woolworths Limited1, 2016). Woolworths operates in many locations across Australia and New Zealand which is more than 3000 stores. These stores covers petrol, food, hotels, liquor and general merchandise home improvements. It is explored that more than 198,000 employees are working with the company and are also committed business partners. The company according to the survey of IBSI World is considered as the second largest after Wesfarmers in Australia and New Zealand in terms of its revenue (Hatch, 2016). The revenue of the company has grown by 4% from the last financial year to $62.7%. According to Hatch (2016), the company ranked number three in 2015 and have jumped to number two positions in 2016 beating BHP Billiton. Along with dealing into groceries and being largest supermarket chain, Woolworths is also among the major takeaway liquor retailers in Australia. The company is a listed company on Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) and have announced that the year 2016 brought the biggest loss to the company which is estimated to be $1.235 billion. In the Australian market Woolworths holds good market share and influence the domestic food system within the nation (Wall, 2014). The major competitor of Woolworths includes Coles as both the supermarket industries deals in departmental stores, liquor cellar chains, petrol business along with convenience store business (Knox, 2014). Woolworths have 897 supermarkets and 613 petrol stations. Along with this, Woolworths also acquires 1355 liquor outlets and 323 hotels (News Limited, 2014). In addition to this, Woolworths also provides discount to its customers in order to remain competitive (Michael, 2015). Woolworths profit was recorded as $792 millions in th e financial year 2004 and 2005 and the discount rebates provided by Woolworths was $601 million (Jones, 2011). It is the responsibility of the chief financial officer to ensure that the management of the organisation has critical information that helps in making effective decisions. Moreover, CFO should make forecasts and use dependable benchmarking information to provide such decision making data to the management. A professional CFO is one who is an effective leader of accounting and finance related functions and is capable of balancing the stewardship responsibilities with the business partnership (Hiebl, M.R.W., Neubauer and Duller, 2013). Moreover, CFO is a professional that acts as the navigator and integrator for the company and is the member of senior management that can help in decision making. Earlier the role of CFOs was through as a guard that is responsible for the financial condition of the organisation and was also responsible for implementing appropriate infrastructure of financial control. However, in the current complex businesses, the responsibilities of a CFO have expanded from a guardian of finance to personnel that help in driving the organisation towards the accomplishment of its objectives (Karaian, 2014). CFO in present business environment is evolving as a value adding personnel. Other than looking after or maintaining the finance and account related functions a CFOs major roles and responsibilities include demonstration of business integrity and ethical leadership (Fuhr and McDonagh, 2012). Along with this, CFO in any organisation is also hold accountable for balancing the short-term concerns of the organisation such as management of profitability, cash and liquidity. Chief financial officer is also responsible for providing sustainable success to the organisation. CFOs responsibilities also include managing and driving transformation and innovation in the business organisation. Ensuring that the finance and accounts related functions are supporting the business at both operational and strategic level is also one of the responsibilities of a CFO (Morgan, Robinson, Strachota and Hough, 2015). A Chief Finance Officer should also interact and involve with customers, regulators, colleagues, suppliers, investors and other internal as well as external stakeholders . Essential duties of a CFO also include development, implementation and accomplishment of the annual work plan which is approved by Board of Directors. A Chief Financial Officer provides information to the Chairman along with advising and providing legal counselling to the Board Chairman, Board Committees and Board of Directors in making policies and programs (Bragg, 2010). It is investigated that it is the responsibility of a CFO to think about the ways in which he/she can provide his additional support in the business organisation that helps in its success and profitability. It is explored that over the period of time the expectations from CFO changes which are influenced by different internal or external drivers. The external drivers might involve investors demand, industry and competitors characteristics and business or economic challenges that are prevailing (Eeden, 2014). The role of CFO changes in order to meet the current expectations and requirements. CFO as per current expectations of the senior management should be one who is capable of creating an environment where customers, employees, suppliers and other stakeholders are able to share and understand the vision and ambition of the business organisation (Sanders, 2013). In present complex business environment a CFO is expected as a partner that facilitates transparency and accountability in the organisation and providing strategic leadership at the same time. In the views of Morgan, Robinson, Strachota and Hough (2015), a Chief Financial Officer is the senior most position in the organization where the CFO is responsible for handling the budgeting and financial issues. The CFO directly reports to the CEO of the company and his responsibilities might also include risk management, procurement, investments and contract services. As per the opinion of Bragg (2010), the topmost priority of a CFO must include pursuing a strategy that can increase the chances of return to shareholders. One of the major areas of concern for a CFO is to understand and mitigate the risk by lining up different alternative solutions for the issues along with spreading sales to a broad range of customers. A CFO should be aware of the possibilities of failure and should be ready with a recovery plan so that the organisation has a means of recovery (Lapovsky and McKeown-Moak, 2010). Moreover, A CFO should set up controls and coordinate employee training in order to mini mise the risk of employee engagement in unethical activities that might lead to lawsuit against the company. In addition to this, A CFO should work with the managers of all the departments in order to explore new ways that can help in enhancing their operations (Moyer, McGuigan and Rao, 2014). This can be done by when operations of the organisation are benchmarked with those of other organisations, conducting financial analyses and using trade information about best strategies used. Part B If the efficient-market hypothesis is true, the pension fund manager might as well select a portfolio with a pin Efficient-market hypothesis is a theory of investment which advocates that the stated price already involves all the inflation and it is worthless to spend extra cash to beat the index. If this hypothesis would have been correct it would have implied that investors do not have any specific advantage over other investors when it comes to stock investment (Kumar, 2012). The statement above is not true because a pension fund manager has goals related to risk control and target return goals. This is because the stock page has diversified portfolio and by throwing dart on the stock page it is possible that the dart may not settle on the expected stock which may further result in risks (Brealey, Myers, Allen and Mohanty, 2012). Moreover, the resulting portfolio may also be associated with several systematic risks for the individual. In case, individual having huge amount of wealth so that they can invest in the assets which are riskless investment is not a problem, but in other case it can be much more risky. In addition to this, the above hypothesis so not depict that selection of the portfolio should be done with a pin because of the reasons stated below: It should be ensured that the portfolio is well diversified. It is well known that a large quantity of stocks is not sufficient for ensuring diversification of portfolio. Another reason is that a manager must also ensure that the client of the manager is capable of dealing with the risk of diversified portfolio (Brealey, Myers, Allen and Mohanty, 2012). In pension fund case, the pension manager should use an investment that is safe for the client i.e., investment with lower beta. Conclusion From the overall discussion it has been analysed that there are several responsibilities of a chief financial officer. These responsibilities include controlling finance infrastructures, providing solution alternatives for mitigating risks, meeting the expectations of all stakeholders and the management. Thus, it is expected from the CFO of Woolworths that he should be responsible towards the organisation and contribute in the profitability and sustainability of the organisation. References Bragg, S.M. 2010. The New CFO Financial Leadership Manual. John Wiley Sons. Brealey, R.A., Myers, S.C., Allen, F. and Mohanty, P. 2012. Principles of Corporate Finance. McGraw-Hill Education. Eeden, D.V. 2014. The Role of the Chief Human Resources Officer: Perspectives, Challenges, Realities and Experiences. Knowres Publishing. Fuhr, E.A. and McDonagh, C.W. 2012. The Risk Manager. FTI Journal. Hatch, P. 2016. Coles owner Wesfarmers moves up to Australia's top company by revenue, beating Woolworths, Rio Tinto and BHP. The Sydney Morning Herald. Hiebl, M.R.W., Neubauer, H. and Duller, C. 2013. THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICERS ROLE IN MEDIUM-SIZED FIRMS: EXPLORATORY EVIDENCE FROM GERMANY. Journal of International Business Economics13(2), pp.83-92. International Federation of Accountants. 2013. THE ROLE AND EXPECTATIONS OF A CFO A Global Debate on Preparing Accountants for Finance Leadership. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ifac.org/system/files/publications/files/Role%20of%20the%20CFO.pdf [Accessed on: 12 September 2016]. Jones, E. 2011. Coles and Woolworths duopoly hard to swallow. [Online]. Available at: https://theconversation.com/coles-and-woolworths-duopoly-hard-to-swallow-533 [Accessed on: 12 September 2016]. Karaian, J. 2014. The Economist: The Chief Financial Officer: What CFOs Do, the Influence they Have, and Why it Matters. Perseus Books Group. Knox, M. 2014. SUPERMARKET MONSTERS. [Online]. Available at: https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2014/august/1406815200/malcolm-knox/supermarket-monsters [Accessed on: 12 September 2016]. Kumar, S. 2012. If Markets Were Efficient, Why are there Winners and Losers? [Online]. Available at: https://valuestockguide.com/all/wall-streets-achilles-heel-efficient-market-hypothesis-doesnt-always-work/ [Accessed on: 12 September 2016]. Lapovsky, L. and McKeown-Moak, M.P. 2010. Roles and Responsibilities of the Chief Financial Officer: New Directions for Higher Education, Number 107. John Wiley Sons. Michael, S. 2015. 'The fight has been taken to the bakery': Bread prices slashed by 34 per cent as Coles and Woolworths step up their supermarket wars (and it's not just the home brands). [Online]. Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2937338/The-fight-taken-bakery-Coles-Woolworths-step-supermarket-bread-wars-slashing-prices-selling-brands.html [Accessed on: 12 September 2016]. Morgan, D. Robinson, K.S., Strachota, D. and Hough, J.A. 2015. Budgeting for Local Governments and Communities. Routledge. Moyer, R.C., McGuigan, J.R. and Rao, R.P. 2014. Contemporary Financial Management. Cengage Learning. News Limited. 2014. Woolworths and Coles have taken over Australians lives. [Online]. Available at: https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/woolworths-and-coles-have-taken-over-australians-lives/story-fnkgdftz-1226990860686 [Accessed on: 12 September 2016]. Sanders, M.I. 2013. Joint Ventures Involving Tax-Exempt Organizations. John Wiley Sons. Wall, A. 2014. Supermarket wars a tale of the Australian duopoly. [Online]. Available at: https://www.foodmag.com.au/features/supermarket-wars-a-tale-of-the-australian-duopoly [Accessed on: 12 September 2016]. Woolworths Limited. 2012. David Marr Chief Financial Officer. [Online]. Available at: https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/page/Who_We_Are/Directors_and_Management/Management_Board/David_Marr_-_Chief_Financial_Officer/ [Accessed on: 12 September 2016]. Woolworths Limited. 2016. How We Were Founded. [Online]. Available at: https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/page/Who_We_Are/The_Woolworths_Story/How_We_Were_Founded/ [Accessed on: 12 September 2016]. Woolworths Limited(1). 2016. Our Brands. [Online]. Available at: https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/page/Who_We_Are/Our_Brands/ [Accessed on: 12 September 2016].